At first glance, art and science seem like contrasting fields, capable of attracting vastly different types of enthusiasts and professionals. In reality, however, there is considerable overlap, with scientific theory often informing artistic creations — and vice versa. Nowhere is this more evident than in the growing field of neuroaesthetics, which demonstrates the unique and impactful intersection of neuroscience with visual art.
Through an in-depth examination of neuroscience and art, we can learn how art affects the brain. This understanding can help us leverage the mental health benefits of art and even use art’s emotional and cognitive impact to strengthen communities.
Interested in bringing a fascinating new side to your aesthetic experience in art? Take a deep dive into the complex relationship between cognitive science and art.
The Intersection of Art and Neuroscience
Art and neuroscience are inextricably linked. Without critical brain structures, humans would be unable to make sense of complex visual stimuli — including, of course, memorable works of art. Meanwhile, art brings nuance to our understanding of neuroscience, uncovering new possibilities for offering healing through exposure to deeply meaningful visual pieces. We are just beginning to understand the connections between exposure to art and mental health benefits, but preliminary research is promising.
What Is Neuroaesthetics?
Neuroaesthetics examines how art impacts humans cognitively, emotionally, and physically. This interdisciplinary field provides fascinating insights into the specific brain processes related to viewing and analyzing art while also determining why certain works or styles evoke specific emotional responses. Beyond this, neuroaesthetics has a philosophical element, examining the cultural and social contexts that underscore the process of perceiving and interpreting art. Put simply, this field shows us how (and why) we like what we like.
Why Art Impacts the Brain
The transformative nature of artwork has never been in doubt; even in ancient societies, numerous individuals described how they felt moved by great works of art. Aristotle discussed this in detail, revealing how, through catharsis, individuals could experience a powerful sense of emotional release. Plotinus described the transcendental aspects of art and how artwork could help humans understand the divine.
These days, our understanding of art’s impact moves beyond philosophy to incorporate neuroscience and, specifically, the various parts of the brain that light up when people view compelling works of art. Research shows that engaging with dynamic stimuli (like art) activates several regions of the brain.
What distinguishes art from other visual stimuli? Art has an innate ability to engage multiple neural pathways, tapping into cultural contexts and emotional intricacies in a far more intentional (and, therefore, profound) manner than other visuals.
How the Brain Interprets Visual Art
Thanks to recent technological advancements, we are finally beginning to understand not only which parts of the brain are influenced by visual art but also the mechanisms that allow such a transformative experience to occur.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) monitors, for example, can provide powerful insight into brain activity, all while revealing how various visual stimuli engage distinct regions of the brain. This understanding is supported by general insights into how the eye and the brain link via photoreceptors and electrical signals, as we touch on below:
The Role of Visual Perception
Visual perception determines how the brain makes sense of visual information. This process blends light and optics to reveal how raw input turns into meaningful images. Specifically, this begins with light entering the eye and passing through its clear front layer (known as the cornea). This bends the light, with some entering the pupil via the iris. From there, it passes through an inner portion of the eye (the lens).
Together, the lens and cornea ensure that light is primarily focused on the retina, which converts light into electrical signals that can be passed on to the brain. The brain is responsible for transforming these signals into cohesive images.
Emotional Response to Art
Visual perception begins with the eye but continues as electrical signals make their way through structures known as the optic chiasm and the thalamus. The thalamus serves as a relay station and can send signals toward the primary visual cortex for initial processing, which emphasizes basic features such as edges or colors.
As signals reach other areas of the visual cortex, viewers gain additional insights into shapes or patterns. The real magic, however, occurs as the amygdala gets involved — as this is the portion of the brain responsible for emotional processing. This delivers a quick response to emotional stimuli, potentially interacting with the hippocampus to bring memories into the mix.
Humans’ nuanced interpretations of artwork are directed by the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive function. This structure can integrate information from several regions of the brain to help form judgments about the deeper meaning of any given piece.
The Power of Abstract Art
Although all types of art have the power to profoundly impact human thinking and emotions, abstract art is unique in that it helps shape the brain’s perceptions of reality. While other types of art directly imitate the real world, the interplay between abstract art and the brain can be quite profound, moving beyond basic recognition to involve a deeper, more active process of interpretation. This demands critical thinking but can also produce more resonant emotional connections.
The Neuroscience of Color and Emotion
Many elements are processed by the visual cortex and integrated into eventual insights from the prefrontal cortex, but color is one of the most potent and resonant visual features. This feels intuitive to artists, but neuroscientists seek to understand why exactly humans feel drawn to certain colors and why these colors spark such distinct emotional responses.
The Psychology of Color
Increasingly, color psychology in art offers insight into how various colors impact human emotions and perceptions. After all, different colors have been shown to produce different responses in the brain. These color associations are far from arbitrary; they are rooted in a distinct blend of evolutionary biology and cultural conditioning. These can even be manipulated to impact our feelings and attitudes and are therefore a common area of focus when studying the psychology of visual art.
Brain Reactions to Color Stimuli
When light hits the retinas, rods, and cones respond to varying wavelengths. Corresponding signals are then sent to the optic nerve and, finally, the brain. The basics of color information are processed within the visual cortex. A visual area known as V4 is critical, in determining whether colors are deemed constant under varying lighting conditions.
Associations linked to the limbic system integrate to bring an emotional component to color perception. Color’s impact on mood can vary considerably. For example, red is typically associated with strong emotions such as excitement or anger, while blue evokes tranquility.
The Impact of Art on Mental Well-Being
A growing body of research reveals the power of art to not only boost empathy and neuroplasticity but also improve health and well-being. Whether viewing, creating, or discussing art, humans gain numerous benefits from engaging with art on a cognitive, emotional, and even physical level.
Art as Stress Relief
In times of heightened emotions, many people turn to art as a form of self-expression or for emotional catharsis. Art provides the ultimate form of release, helping to process complex emotions or gain much-needed clarity. This can spark a physical response: Visits to art museums, for instance, have been shown to reduce stress and even blood pressure.
Enhancing Cognitive Function
Given the crucial role of the prefrontal cortex in analyzing and interpreting art, both viewing and creating art can boost cognitive abilities. For example, when people create art, they exercise numerous cognitive skills while reflecting on complex intellectual themes. Viewing art further stimulates brain activity by encouraging people to form new connections and consider others’ perspectives. This may explain why art programs are believed to enhance academic performance.
Fostering Connection and Empathy
A complex array of cognitive and emotional responses allow art to improve social connections through enhanced empathy. This begins with the activation of emotional areas such as the amygdala but also calls for higher-level processing from the medial prefrontal cortex, which helps viewers consider the perspectives of others.
Meanwhile, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) processes social information and influences the social experience of viewing and connecting with art. When art is actively viewed and enjoyed with others, shared neural circuits are activated, thereby creating a sense of group empathy.
Case Studies: Neuroscience Meets Fine Arts
Real-world examples bring neuroaesthetics to life, showcasing the psychological effects of art in a more personable manner. Below, we highlight several case studies that expand upon these concepts and demonstrate the neurological components of a profound aesthetic experience in art.
The Mona Lisa Effect
Describing how a portrait’s gaze can appear to follow the viewer, the Mona Lisa Effect reveals how humans are wired to respond to faces and depictions of faces. With paintings that achieve the Mona Lisa Effect, viewers always feel seen. This can make an otherwise ordinary image feel uniquely engaging or impactful.
- Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” – No discussion of the Mona Lisa Effect would be complete without highlighting its iconic namesake. As one of Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous works, the “Mona Lisa” features, at first glance, a seemingly simple woman and backdrop. While descriptions of the subject’s gaze have anecdotally referenced the sensation of being followed, recent studies actually suggest that the subject gazes to the viewer’s right, with researchers concluding, “There is no doubt about the existence of the Mona Lisa Effect … It just does not occur with the ‘Mona Lisa’ herself.” Still, the emotional impact prompted by this painting is impressive, promoting deep engagement with the viewer.
- Johannes Vermeer’s “The Girl with a Pearl Earring” – Sometimes referred to as the “Mona Lisa” of the North, “The Girl with a Pearl Earring” captivates viewers with a similarly intense yet subtle gaze. MRI scans and eye-tracking technologies have illuminated what exactly makes this particular painting so alluring: The painting’s distinct characteristics prompt a “sustained attention loop,” which involves a “pearly triangle” made up of the subject’s eye, mouth and iconic pearl earring.
Jackson Pollock and Abstract Expressionism
Sometimes referred to as the “King of Abstract Art,” Jackson Pollock revealed the transformative nature of actively engaging in painting, all while challenging traditional notions of composition and perspective. Known best for his drip technique (involving the splattering or smearing of paint on fiberboard), he was an advocate for action painting — in which the physical act of creating art was just as important as the end result.
- Jackson Pollock’s “No. 5, 1948” – Created during the earliest stages of Pollock’s drip era, the famed “No. 5, 1948” stands out within a vast collection of drip pieces, making an impression through its constant sense of movement.
- Mark Rothko’s Color Field Paintings – Featuring multiple layers of paint, Mark Rothko’s famed collection of color field paintings offers a more nuanced and contemplative take on Pollock’s central themes. Rothko describes his pieces as “intimate and intense,” adding that “large pictures are like dramas in which one participates in a direct way.”
Contemporary Installations and Interactive Art
In recent years, artists have expanded their reach to reveal the power of perception through mixed media and increasingly interactive works of art. These pieces engage viewers, encouraging them to actively participate in the creative process.
- Yayoi Kusama’s “Infinity Mirror Rooms” – Yayoi Kusama’s original Infinity exhibition (known as “Phalli’s Field”) expanded on concepts explored in her previous paintings, delivering an unforgettable perceptual experience. Since then, Kusama has created many additional mirror rooms, with each new installation prompting deeper insights into the role humans play within an infinite universe.
- Olafur Eliasson’s “The Weather Project” – One of the most evocative experiences to emerge from London’s Tate Modern, Olafur Eliasson’s “The Weather Project” used a cutting-edge weather simulation to help patrons experience the surreal aspects of the natural world. The most evocative aspect of the installation involved a giant, glowing orb, which represented the sun. The installation also encouraged patrons to think critically about contemporary issues such as climate change.
- TeamLab’s Digital Art Installations – Japanese art collective TeamLab has consistently pushed boundaries with tech-driven artistic experiences that invite viewers to engage in new ways. From projection mapping to real-time data integrations, TeamLab shows that technology can be welcomed into the artistic realm.
How Artists Can Use Neuroscience Insights
With many of the works described above, artists have leveraged an intuitive understanding of human emotion to fire up various regions of the brain. These days, however, artists can enhance this effort by drawing on a wealth of neuroscience research to help shape the public response to art. This can have major implications for art therapy and neuroscience, in turn elevating the healing impact of art.
Designing for Emotional Impact
The most powerful works of art integrate both evocative artistic techniques and meaningful subject matter to prompt visceral responses and, ideally, make a lasting impact on the viewer. When striving for maximum emotional impact, artists must focus on themes that feel universal but also carry personal significance.
Artists can then draw on a wide range of techniques to bring these themes to life. Color palettes can form strong emotional connections, and dynamic brushstrokes and tactile qualities are essential as well. Symbolic elements can further strengthen the emotional impact of artwork — although these should be subtle so that viewers are forced to engage their imagination.
Creating Interactive Experiences
Powerful works from Yayoi Kusama, Olafur Eliasson, and TeamLab uncover how interactive elements can drive deeper engagement by drawing on multiple senses while activating many areas of the brain. This, in turn, can intensify already strong emotional responses. This encourages users to move beyond passive observation, instead getting actively involved in the experience of viewing and interpreting works of art.
Art for Healing and Therapy
Purpose-driven artwork can spark desired emotions or even specific attitudes or behaviors. For example, the therapeutic value of art is undeniable, and while the overarching perception of art therapy involves the act of expressing oneself through artistic mediums, there can also be great catharsis or healing achieved through simply gazing at meaningful works of art. Art therapy neuroscience research suggests that this practice prompts “simultaneous physiological and psychological shifts,” leading to “transformative change in adaptive human functioning.”
Discover the Transformative Power of Art
Art has the power to deliver introspection, connection, and healing. If you find these opportunities compelling, you will feel drawn to the expressive opportunities available through Rocky Mountain College of Art + Design. Our Bachelor of Fine Arts degree program provides the chance to explore many meaningful themes and forms of expression, along with the mediums and techniques needed to bring powerful ideas to life. Reach out today to learn more about this amazing opportunity.
